Squalene (CAS 0111-02-04) — Citrus Base Note Fragrance Ingredient
Squalene
CAS 0111-02-04
What Is Squalene?
Squalene is a natural organic compound originally derived from shark liver oil, now mostly produced from plant sources like olive oil. It’s used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals as an emollient and carrier oil. This ingredient matters because it’s biocompatible with human skin lipids, making it valuable for high-end skincare and fragrance formulations where skin feel is critical.
Safety Profile
GENERALLY SAFEWhat Does Squalene Smell Like?
Squalene is virtually odorless in its pure form, making it an ideal base for fragrances where neutrality is required. Its lack of scent allows it to serve as a blank canvas, carrying other aromatic compounds without altering their profiles. In formulations, it contributes a smooth, slightly oily texture that enhances the longevity of other notes without introducing its own character.
Chemistry, Properties & Perfumer Guide
The Chemistry
Squalene is a triterpene consisting of six isoprene units. It is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of cholesterol and other sterols in plants and animals. Modern production typically involves hydrogenation of plant-derived sources like olive oil, replacing the traditional shark liver extraction. Its molecular structure allows it to integrate seamlessly with human sebum, enhancing skin compatibility.
Physical & Chemical Properties
| Boiling Point | Not applicable |
|---|---|
| Density | 0.855 g/cm³ |
Perfumer Guide
| Application | Typical % | Range | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Skincare | 5-20% | Up to 100% | Primary emollient |
| Fragrance | 1-5% | Up to 10% | Carrier oil |
Classic Accords
Tip: Use as a neutral base to enhance the longevity of volatile top notes.
Alternatives & Comparisons
Hydrogenated form of squalene, more stable and odorless, preferred in formulations requiring oxidative stability.
Safety, Regulatory & Sustainability
⚠ Regulatory Disclaimer
General reference only. Consult current IFRA Standards Library before formulating.
IFRA Status
No restrictions under IFRA standards.
RIFM Assessment
RIFM considers squalene safe for use in cosmetics and fragrances.
Sustainability
Modern squalene is primarily sourced from olive oil, making it a sustainable alternative to shark-derived squalene. The shift to plant-based sourcing has significantly reduced environmental impact and ethical concerns associated with shark fishing.
Explore Squalene
Browse essential oils and aroma compounds.
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References
- PubChem Squalene PubChem
- Plant-derived squalene: a sustainable alternative PMC4665364
Data: PubChem (NIH), PubMed, RIFM, IFRA. Last reviewed: Apr 2026.
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